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Cover -- CONTENTS -- CONTEXT -- RECENT DEVELOPMENTS, OUTLOOK AND RISKS -- A. Recent Developments -- B. Outlook -- C. Risks -- D. The Authorities' Views on Outlook and Risks -- POLICY DISCUSSIONS -- A. Monetary and Fiscal Policy -- B. Strengthening Macro-Financial Resilience -- C. Supporting Growth Opportunities -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOX -- 1. Local Governments and the Housing Supply Constraints -- FIGURES -- 1. Output and Prices -- 2. Considerations for Monetary Policy -- 3. External Developments -- 4. Fiscal Developments -- 5. Housing Market -- 6. Banking Sector -- 7. Key Macro-Financial Trends -- 8. Residential Housing Loans: Risk Profile -- TABLES -- 1. Main Economic Indicators, 2010-2022 -- 2. Fiscal Accounts, 2011/12-2021/22 -- 3. Balance of Payments, 2010-2022 -- 4. Monetary and Financial Sector, 2014-2022 -- 5. Financial Sector Indicators, 2010-2016Q3 -- ANNEXES -- I. New Zealand's External Balance Sheet: Developments and Risk Profile -- II. External Sector Assessment -- III. Risk Assessment Matrix -- IV. Macroeconomic Effects of Migration in New Zealand -- V. Macroprudential Measures -- VI. External and Fiscal DSAs -- CONTENTS -- FUND RELATIONS -- STATISTICAL ISSUES

This study sought to shed light on the experiences of Tongan immigrants in New Zealand. Three major areas were explored: the migration decision-making process, socio-economic changes in the host country, and transnational networks with Tonga. With respect to migration decision-making, the nuclear family plays an important role as the final decision-making unit. Family-related reasons, jobs, and study were the typical reasons for migration to New Zealand. Regarding socio-economic changes, the immigrants' income tends to increase as their duration of stay in New Zealand lengthens. Most of them work at blue-collar jobs. Many immigrants who were unmarried at the time of migration married after moving to New Zealand, mostly to other Tongans. The church serves as a critical support system for the immigrants. Tongans tend to prefer permanent residency visas over New Zealand citizenship. Remittances continue to play an important role in immigrants' links to Tonga, as do communication with family members and visits to Tonga. Despite these continuing links with their home country, most of the immigrants do not wish to return to Tonga permanently.

Introduction : new Chinese immigrant families from the People's Republic of China to New Zealand : approaching the topic -- Re-grounding transnational migrant families in theories -- From inclusion to exclusion : family sponsorship and older parent reunification immigration under New Zealand's neoliberal immigration regime -- Forced transnational migration : from a multigenerational familial perspective -- Seasonal parents/grandparents : transnational care circulation in new Chinese immigrant families -- Reverse remittance : challenging the traditions, morality, and power relations -- Conclusion : the making of floating families in transnational social space.

New Zealand is among the OECD countries that have been settled by migration. Currently more than a quarter of the New Zealand workforce is foreign-born. Despite being a settlement country, most labour migration is temporary and permanent migration mainly draws from the pool of temporary labour migrants. Current temporary labour migration is equivalent to 3.6% of the workforce, by far the largest figure in the OECD. An elaborate system of labour-market tests and exemptions aims to limit negative impact on the domestic workforce while at the same time responding to employer needs. A large part of temporary flows is into low-skilled jobs with little steering possibilities, and some vigilance is needed.?For permanent migration, which is also among the highest in per capitaterms among OECD countries, New Zealand operates with target numbers. The country faces difficulties in meeting thes targets, whose value-added in a largely demand-driven system - favoring immigrants with a job offer - is questionable.

This paper examines the self-employment patterns of Chinese immigrants in New Zealand, using labour force data provided in the 1996 Census of Population and Dwellings and survey data from interviews in New Zealand and Hong Kong. As expected, the census data show that the propensities to enter self-employment increase with age and length of residence in New Zealand. Amongst the Chinese immigrants who came to New Zealand after 1986, the pursuit of self-employment is unlikely to be confined to immigrants approved under the business immigration schemes. Structural barriers to employment, such as non-recognition of overseas qualifications and experiences, can also drive many contemporary Chinese immigrants into self-employment. The second part of the paper reflects on the business experiences of recent Chinese migrants in New Zealand, drawing on research carried out on the migration of entrepreneurs to New Zealand from Hong Kong during the 1990's. We conclude our paper by discussing some of the implications of the Government's recent business immigration policy changes. We emphasize the need for a post-settlement policy and other initiatives that will ensure that immigrants are able to maximize their opportunities to contribute effectively to New Zealand's economy and society.

"A comprehensive history of New Zealand seen through a female lens. Brookes argues that while European men erected the political scaffolding to create a small nation, women created the infrastructure necessary for colonial society to succeed. Concepts of home, marriage and family brought by settler women, and integral to the developing state, transformed the lives of Māori women. The small scale of New Zealand society facilitated rapid change so that, by the twenty-first century, women are no longer defined by family contexts. Barbara Brookes traces the factors that drove that change"--Publisher information